C/O Futures Terrorism Subject Bibliography
January 2025
Compiled by Keaton O.K. Bunker and Robert J. Bunker
Since the release of ChatGPT in late November 2022 as a publicly available and user-friendly program, increasing concerns over the use of artificial intelligence (specifically generative artificial intelligence; GEN AI) by terrorist groups has been evident. While some cautionary and early warning works have existed since the 2019-2021 era it has only been in the last few years that more fully developed publications have begun to appear. The most common area of concern regarding the use of AI is the creation of terrorist propaganda to promote narratives and for recruitment, however, there is also apprehension over potential training and attack planning uses. The early adaptors of generative AI for extremist purposes have been the Islamic State as well as various neo-Nazi and white supremacist organizations. Houthi use of GEN AI has also taken place. Furthermore, its limited use for anarchist (black bloc) art-propaganda renderings has incrementally appeared. More encompassing terrorism use concerns center on advanced capabilities being fielded. These include scenarios where AI can ‘emulate the values and behaviors of a group member’ and act semi-independently (potentially even independently) in online environments, engaging in propaganda campaigns (such as a pro-terrorist group chatbot and recruiter) and related activities such as malware production and distribution.
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